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Sources & references

Where our formulas, conventions and history come from.

Primary references

  • J. Welles Wilder Jr., New Concepts in Technical Trading Systems (1978) — origin of RSI, ATR, ADX/DMI and Parabolic SAR.
  • Gerald Appel — original work on the MACD.
  • George Lane — the Stochastic Oscillator; John Bollinger — Bollinger Bands.
  • NSE India — index and contract context for Nifty and Bank Nifty.
  • Zerodha Varsity — India-focused technical-analysis education.

Approach

We prefer primary sources for formulas and history. Interpretation reflects widely accepted practice; where views differ, we say so. See the formula reference and methodology.

Last updated 8 July 2026.